mtDNA Test
Mitochondrial DNA testing is a technique used to determine if people are biologically related through the maternal genetic line. Mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA, is the DNA found in the mitochondria of the body’s cells. This genetic material is passed down almost completely unchanged from mother to child, making it quite useful for identifying biological relatives.
Testing of mtDNA is different from other DNA tests because it requires sequencing. Sequencing determines the organization of the DNA bases, which is unique to each family.
To learn more about this technique, visit the Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing page.
When is mtDNA testing used?
Mitochondrial DNA testing is often used in maternity cases when the mother is missing or unavailable. The mtDNA test is also used in adoption cases to reunite biological relatives with people who have been adopted and in immigration cases to determine biological relationships between family members. This test may also be used to supplement historical information in genealogical research.
Who is typically involved?
A child and maternally related family members are typically involved in an mtDNA test. However, the people involved will depend on the goal of the test.
How are the samples collected?
Samples for mtDNA tests can be collected in several ways, but the most common collection method is the buccal swab.
To learn more about buccal swabbing and other collection techniques, visit the Sample Collection page.
How long can the results take?
Since mtDNA testing requires sequencing, the turnaround time for the results is typically longer than other DNA tests. Most DNA testing companies that offer mtDNA tests can release results in 2 to 4 weeks after the samples are received at their labs.
How conclusive are the results?
An mtDNA test can accurately determine whether two or more individuals are maternally related. Differences in base pair sequence between the tested individuals' mtDNA samples are recorded, and the sample's DNA sequence is reported by detailing these differences. A Relatedness or Maternity Index can then be calculated for the mtDNA sequence by using the frequency with which the particular sequence has been observed in a particular population (i.e., race).
What is the typical price range for mtDNA testing?
DNA testing using mtDNA typically costs between $300 and $500.
What else should you know about mtDNA testing?
You should consider the potential use of your mtDNA test results before you decide between in-home and chain of custody collection. If you are looking for peace of mind or simply for curiosity’s sake, in-home testing is acceptable for your needs. However, if you think that there is the potential your test results could be used in a legal case, you should consider having a chain of custody test instead.
You can learn more by visiting the Do you need a chain of custody test? page.
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